Table 1 Data from the reported cases of Candida thrombophlebitis in pediatric patients
From: Candida thrombophlebitis in children: a systematic review of the literature
| Author/year/Country [Ref] | Age/Sex | Initial clinical conditions and/or related procedures | Risk factors | Candida species | Location | Presentation | Therapy | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wiley/1977/USA [5] | PN / F | tracheoesophageal fistula, gastrostomy, cardiopulmunary arrests, aspiration pneumonia | CVC, TPN, ICU, surgery, AB |
C. albicans C. parapsilosis | SVC, RV | edema of the face and neck |
amfotericin B5, flucytosine | died |
| Miller/1981/USA [6] | 18 mo / M | acute undifferentiated leukemia | CVC, cancer, CT, AB | C. albicans | axillary and subclavian vein | fever | antifungal therapy (n.s.) | survived |
| 10 y / F | acute myeloid leukemia | CVC, cancer | C. tropicalis | giugular vein | fever | antinfungal agents (n.s) | survived | |
| Torres-Rojas/1982/USA [18] | 11 y / F | acute rheumatic fever | AB, steroids | C. albicans. | n.s. | fever |
amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, excision of vein | survived |
| Malfroot/1986/Belgium [20] | 17 y / M | CF, pneumonia | AB, CVC, advanced pulmonary disease | C. albicans | basilica vein | fever, phlebitis |
amphotericin B, flucytosine, surgical excision | survived |
| Lacey/1988/USA [7] | 13 mo/NR | broncopulmonary displasia, ECMO survivor | AB, TPN, CVC | C. albicans | IVC | sepsis, head and neck swelling |
amphotericin B, 5 fluorocytosine, streptokinase | survived |
| 4 mo / NR | midgut volvulus | AB, TPN, CVC | C. tropicalis | SVC, IVC | sepsis, head and neck swelling |
amphotericin B 5 fluorocytosine streptokinase | survived | |
| 4 mo / NR | pentalogy of Cantrell | AB, TPN, CVC | C. albicans | SVC | sepsis, head and neck swelling |
amphotericin-B, 5 fluorocytosine, streptokinase | survived | |
| 11 mo / NR | Hirschsprung’s disease | AB, TPN, CVC | C. albicans | SVC, IVC | sepsis, head and neck swelling |
amphotericin B, 5 fluorocytosine, streptokinase | survived | |
| Cotton/1988/Rep. of South Africa [8] | PN / F | hyaline membrane disease | assisted ventilation, AB | C. parapsilosis | vein of the dorsum of the foot | phlebitis |
amphotericin B, surgical excision | survived |
| Berg/1989/USA [9] | 5 y / F | burns and surgical debridement, sepsis, pneumonia | wound infection, ICU, AB, CVC | C. albicans | iliac and femoral veins, IVC | sepsis, phlebitis |
amphotericinB, flucytosine, heparin | survived |
| Ashkenazi/1990/USA [10] | 4 mo / M | upper respiratory tract infection, respiratory distress (by RSV), double aortic arch | CVC, surgery, ICU, AB | C. tropicalis | IVC, renal vein | fever |
amphotericin B, heparin | survived |
| Cherrick/1995/USA [11] | 16 mo/M | neuroblastoma, sepsis | CVC, AB, TPN, CT | C. albicans | innominate vein | fever, respiratory distress |
amphotericin B, flucytosine, streptokinase | survived |
| Friedland/1996/Rep. of South Africa [12] | 6 mo / NR | diarrhea, sepsis | n.s. | C. parapsilosis | cubital vein | fever | fluconazole | survived |
| 3 mo / NR | diarrhea | malnutrition | C. parapsilosis | cubital vein | phlebitis |
flucanazole, incision and drainage | survived | |
| 7 mo / NR | pneumonia | n.s. | C. albicans | forearm vein | phlebitis | fluconazole | survived | |
| 22 mo / NR | prematurity | prematurity | C. albicans | cubital | phlebitis |
fluconazole, incision and drainage | survived | |
| 4 mo / NR | diarrhea | n.s. | C. parapsilosis | hand vein | phlebitis | fluconazole, aspiration | survived | |
| 8 mo / NR | diarrhea, HIV | HIV | C. parapsilosis | cubital vein | phlebitis | amphotericin B, aspiration | survived | |
| 9 mo / NR | diarrhea | TPN | C. parapsilosis | cubital vein | phlebitis |
amphotericin B, incision and drainage | survived | |
| Garcia/1997/France [19] | 14 y / F | ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest | ICU, CVC, MAV | C. albicans | left subclavian vein, right giugula, SVC, RA | fever |
amphotericin B, flucytosine, heparin, caval thrombectomy | survived |
| Pacifico/2004/Italy [13] | PN / M | respiratory distress, prematurity | tri-twin pregnancy, prematurity, CVC, NICU, AB, MAV, maternal fever | C. albicans | right and main portal veins | abdominal distension | amphotericin B, fluconazole | survived |
| PN / M | prematurity, maternal fever | prematurity, NICU, CVC, MAV, AB | C. albicans | main portal vein | fever, abdominal distension | amphotericin B | survived | |
| Sharma/2009/USA [14] | PN / M | prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus, respiratory distress syndrome, intestinal perforation | prematurity, AB, surgery, CVC | C. albicans | RA, IVC | NR | liposomal amphotericin B, caspofungin, heparin | died |
| Giuffrè/2016/Italy [15] | PN / NR | prematurity | prematurity, TPN, UVC, intestinal occlusion, MTHFR gene mutation (C677T), homozygous PAI-1 gene polymorphism (4G/4G) | C. parapsilosis | umbilical vein and left branch of the hepatic portal vein | perihepatic abscess | drainage of the collection, removal of umbilical vessels, micafungin | survived |
| Manish/2017/India [16] | 4 y / F | diabetic ketoacidosis | ICU, MAV, CVC |
C. albicans C. tropical | right external iliac vein, common femoral, deep femoral vein | fever | fluconazole | survived |
| Schapkaitz/2019/Rep. of South Africa [17] | 5 y/F | CF, respiratory infection, AB | CVC, AB | C. parapsilosis | endocarditis, SVC, RA | fever | amphotericin B, fluconazole | survived |
| present case/2020/Italy | 2 y / F | respiratory infection, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema | CVC, ICU, AB | C. albicans | left iliac-femoral axis | fever, edema of leg | liposomial amphotericin B, caspofungin, enoxaparin | survived |